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An alloy is a combination of metals or metals combined with one or more other elements. For example, combining the metallic elements gold and copper produces red gold, gold and silver becomes white gold, and silver combined with copper produces sterling silver. Elemental iron, combined with non-metallic carbon or silicon, produces alloys called steel or silicon steel. The resulting mixture forms a substance with properties that often differ from those of the pure metals, such as increased strength or hardness.

Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in total amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight to improve its mechanical properties. Alloy steels are broken down into two groups: low alloy steels and high alloy steels. Every steel is an alloy, but not all steels are called "alloy steels". The simplest steels are iron (Fe) alloyed with carbon (C) (about 0.1% to 1%, depending on type). However, the term "alloy steel" is the standard term referring to steels with other alloying elements added deliberately in addition to the carbon. Common alloyants include manganese (the most common one), nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and boron. Less common alloyants include aluminium, cobalt, copper, cerium, niobium, titanium, tungsten, tin, zinc, lead, and zirconium.

The following is a range of improved properties in alloy steels (as compared to carbon steels): strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, hardenability, and hot hardness. To achieve some of these improved properties the metal may require heat treat.

Some of these find uses in exotic and highly-demanding applications, such as in the turbine blades of jet engines, in spacecraft, and in nuclear reactors. Because of the ferromagnetic properties of iron, some steel alloys find important applications where their responses to magnetism are very important, including in electric motors and in transformers.

Types of Alloy steel:
Low Alloy Steel.
High Alloy Steel.

The most important and desired changes in alloy steel are:

Increased hardenability.
Increased corrosion resistance.
Retention of hardness and strength

The most commonly used grades of Alloy:

Grade 4140 – Chromium Molybdenum Steel.
Grade 4340 – Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steel.
Grade 6150 – Chromium Vanadium Steel.
Grade 8620 – HSLA -Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steel.

Applications:

Shaft
Crankshaft
Bolt
Nut
Gear
Slide
Steel Collet

Carbon steel is a steel with carbon content up to 2.1% by weight.

Steel is classified to be carbon steel when: no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 percent; or the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, copper 0.60.

The term "carbon steel" may also be used in reference to steel which is not stainless steel; in this use carbon steel may include alloy steels.

As the carbon percentage content rises, steel has the ability to become harder and stronger through heat treating; however, it becomes less ductile. Regardless of the heat treatment, a higher carbon content reduces weldability. In carbon steels, the higher carbon content lowers the melting point.

Types of Carbon Steel:

Low Carbon Steel

Mild Steel

High carbon Steel

Applications:

Fasteners and Bolts

Shafts, spindles, pins, rods, sprocket assemblies

Crankshafts, couplings, and cold headed parts.

Axles, Bolts, studs, and machine parts.

Aircraft Engine Mounts and Welded Tubing Applications.

Gears, Aircraft landing gear axles, and Shafts for power transmissions.

With a carbon content 0.50/0.60 this is a medium carbon steel which can develop a tensile strength of 700N/mm 45tsi. In the normalised condition En9 can be used for gears, sprockets and cams.

En9 commonly supplied in the as rolled condition. It can be flame or induction hardened to produce a high surface hardness with excellent wear resistance for a carbon steel grade.

In the normalised condition En9 can be used for gears, sprockets and cams.

steel material is suitable for the all general engineering applications including

blades for axes,
knives,
sickles
shafts,
bushes,
crankshafts,
screws,
wood working drills.

AISI 4140 steel is a low alloy steel containing chromium, molybdenum, and manganese. It is widely used across numerous industries and is an excellent material choice due to its toughness, high fatigue strength, and abrasion and impact resistance. AISI 4140 alloy steel has high ductility. It can be formed using conventional techniques in the annealed condition. It requires more pressure or force for forming because it is tougher than plain carbon steels. the mechanical properties of this steel will be affected if it is welded in the heat-treated condition, and post-weld heat treatment should be performed. After the annealing is complete, the steel is heated to a molten phase again so that it can be poured into the desired form and can either be hot worked or cold worked through rollers or other tools to reach the desired thickness. Of course, there are other special operations that can be added to this to reduce mill scale or improve mechanical properties. AISI 4140 is a low alloy steel. Low alloy steels rely on elements other than just iron and carbon to enhance their mechanical properties. In AISI 4140, additions of chromium, molybdenum, and manganese are used to increase the strength and hardenability of the steel. The additions of chromium and molybdenum are why AISI 4140 is considered a “chromoly” steel.

4140 steel material is suitable for

Shaft
Crankshaft
Bolt
Nut
Gear
Slide
Steel Collet

Carbon steel is an alloy consisting of iron and carbon. The percentage of carbon in the steel affects the hardness, strength of elasticity and ductility of carbon steel. As the carbon percentage content rises, steel is harder and stronger but less ductile. Carbon steel has high hardness, toughness and strength, and it is relatively inexpensive compared to other steel. Carbon steel seamless pipes are extensively applied in the nuclear device, gas conveyance, petrochemical, shipbuilding and boiler industries, with characteristics of high corrosion resistance combined with suitable mechanical properties.

Applications:

Nuclear device
Gas conveyance
Petrochemical industries
Shipbuilding and boiler industries
Ship building and boiler industries

410 is the basic, general purpose stainless steel that is used for highly stressed parts and provides good corrosion resistance plus high strength and hardness. SS 410 contains a minimum of 11.5% chromium which is just sufficient enough to demonstrate corrosion resistance properties in mild atmospheres, steam, and many mild chemical environments. It is a general-purpose grade that is often supplied in the hardened but still machinable condition for applications where high strength and moderate heat and corrosion resistance are required. It displays maximum corrosion resistance when it’s been hardened, tempered, and then polished. Due to the hardening capabilities of this steel, other properties and the resulting performance of this material are somewhat compromised. The alloy can only effectively be used in mildly corrosive environments. It is the most widely used of the hard enable stainless steels. Heat treated 410 has mechanical properties comparable to the engineering alloy steel AISI 4130, coupled with the additional benefit of good corrosion resistance. 410 is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion. Maximum corrosion resistance is obtained by hardening and polishing. Because 410 is an air hardening steel, it must be given a high preheat, at least 350-400°F before welding, and immediately given a full anneal before the weldment cools. Otherwise the metal will harden, and cracking is likely.

Features:

Readily welded by all standard methods.

Good corrosion resistance to atmospheric corrosion, potable water, and to mildly corrosive environments.

Its exposure to everyday activities (sports, food preparation) is generally satisfactory when proper cleaning is performed after exposure to use.

Good corrosion resistance to low concentrations of mild organic and mineral acids.

Oxidation resistant through 1500°F intermittently, 1200°F continuously.

Corrosion resistant.

Applications:

Applications requiring moderate corrosion resistance and high mechanical properties are ideal for Alloy 410. Examples of applications that frequently used Alloy 410 include:

Cutlery

Steam and gas turbine blades

Kitchen utensils

Bolts, nuts, screws

Pump and valve parts and shafts

Mine ladder rugs

Dental and surgical instruments

Nozzles

Hardened steel balls and seats for oil well pumps

Press plates

Petrochemical equipment

Firearms production

Gate valves

Mining machinery

Distillation trays.