Sheet Plate And Coil

Stainless steel grade 430 is a ferritic stainless-steel. This steel provides good high-temperature strength in exhaust gas environments, and has good for deep drawing, good ductility, good weldability, and good brightness. It polishes well. The 430-flat rolled stainless steel possesses magnetic quality in all conditions. This grade may be used in the annealed, cold formed or as-welded condition in applications where other stainless steels such as Type 304/304L and Type 430 are used. Type 430 has good weldability due to titanium and niobium stabilization and has excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Type 430 outperforms Type 409 in both oxidation and corrosion resistance and typical applications include automotive manifolds and exhaust system components. The high temperature strength of Type 430 exceeds that of both Types 439 and 409 stainless steels.

Processing / Welding

Standard welding processes for this steel grade are:

TIG-Welding

 MAG-Welding Solid Wire

Arc Welding (E)

Applications

Grade 430 stainless steel is applied in catering equipment and automotive-exhaust system components.

Indoor cladding

Restaurant equipment and appliances

Tubes

Heat exchangers

SAE 304
Stainless steel is the most common stainless steel. The steel contains both chromium (between 18% and 20%) and nickel (between 8% and 10.5%) metals as the main non-iron constituents. It is an austenitic stainless steel. It is less electrically and thermally conductive than carbon steel and is essentially non-magnetic. It has a higher corrosion resistance than regular steel and is widely used because of the ease in which it is formed into various shapes. 304 stainless steel has excellent resistance to a wide range of atmospheric environments and many corrosive media. It is subject to pitting and crevice corrosion in warm chloride environments and to stress corrosion cracking above about 60 °C. It is considered resistant to pitting corrosion in water with up to about 400 mg/L chlorides at ambient temperatures, reducing to about 150 mg/L at 60 °C.

304 stainless steel is also very sensitive at room temperature to the thiosulfate anions released by the oxidation of pyrite (as encountered in acid mine drainage) and can undergo severe pitting corrosion problems when in close contact with pyrite- or sulfide-rich clay materials exposed to oxidation.
304 stainless steel is used for a variety of household and industrial applications such as food handling and processing equipment, screws, machinery parts, and car headers. 304 stainless steel is also used in the architectural field for exterior accents such as water and fire features. It is also a common coil material for vaporizers.

The Japanese equivalent grade of this material is SUS304. It is also specified in European norm 1.4301.

Features
Very good corrosion resistance,
weld ability and cold deformability.
Good deep drawing properties and very good high gloss polish ability.

Specifications: 304
UNS: S30400 | X5CrNi18-10 | 1.4301| SUS 304

Specifications: 304L
UNS: S30403 | X2CrNi19-11 | 1.4306 | SUS 304L

Typical Applications
Food processing equipment, particularly in beer brewing, milk processing & winemaking
Kitchen benches, sinks, troughs, equipment and appliances
Architectural paneling, railings & trim
Chemical containers, including for transport
Heat Exchangers
Woven or welded screens for mining, quarrying & water filtration
Threaded fasteners
Springs.

Alloy 2304 (UNS S32304) is a 23% chromium, 4% nickel, molybdenum-free duplex stainless steel. The Alloy 2304 has corrosion resistance properties similar to 316L. Furthermore, its mechanical properties, i.e., yield strength, are twice those of 304L/316L austenitic grades. Alloy 2304 is a 23% chromium, 4% nickel, molybdenum-free duplex stainless steel. The Alloy 2304 has corrosion resistance properties similar to 316L. Furthermore, its mechanical properties, i.e., yield strength, are twice those of 304/316 austenitic grades. This allows the designer to save weight, particularly for properly designed pressure vessel applications. The alloy is particularly suitable for applications covering the -50°C/+300°C (-58°F/572°F) temperature range. Lower temperatures may also be considered but need some restrictions, particularly for welded structures. With its duplex microstructure and low nickel and high chromium contents, the alloy has improved stress corrosion resistance properties compared to 304 and 316 austenitic grades.

Specification
Alloy 2304 (UNS S32304)

Standards
ASTM/ASME A240 - UNS S32304
EURONORM 1.4362 - X2 Cr Ni 23.4
AFNOR Z3 CN 23.04 Az
DIN W. Nr 1.4362 

Processing

Hot Forming
Hot forming must be performed in the 1150/900°C (2100/1650°F) temperature range. After forming, a new solution annealing treatment is recommended in the 950°/1050°C (2100°/1650°F) temperature range to fully restore corrosion resistance properties and mechanical properties. Parts formed with 2304 must be supported carefully during heating to avoid creep deformation.

Cold Forming
Alloy 2304 may be cold formed without any problem. The same equipment as used for the cold forming of 304L and 316L grades can be used. Due to its higher mechanical properties, including the yield strength, higher stresses are required for cold forming. A final solution annealing heat treatment is also recommended after cold forming in order to restore the mechanical and corrosion resistance properties, as described in hot forming.

Descaling
Use the same solutions and pastes as for Alloys 304L/316L. The pickling time will be higher than for austenitic grades due to the corrosion resistance properties of the alloy. 

Machinability
Alloy 2304 duplex exhibits improved machinability properties particularly when considering drilling. Its behavior is equivalent to that of 316LEZ. Furthermore, 2304 has better corrosion resistance and cleanliness properties as no sulphur additions are necessary. Localized corrosion resistance behavior is improved. 

Applications
Generally where 304 and 316L are used
Pulp and paper industry (chip storage tanks, white and black liquor tanks, digestors)
Caustic solutions, organic acids (SCC resistance)
Food industry
Pressure vessels (weight savings)
Mining (abrasion/corrosion)

Alloy 316H (UNS S31609) is a high carbon modification of Alloy 316 developed for use in elevated temperature service. The alloy has higher strength at elevated temperatures and is used for structural and pressure vessel applications at temperatures above 932°F (500°C). The higher carbon content of 316H also delivers higher tensile and yield strength than 316/316L and its austenitic structure provides excellent toughness down to cryogenic temperatures. The corrosion resistance of Alloy 316H is comparable to Alloy316/316L and is superior to Alloy 304/304L in moderately corrosive environments. It is often used in process streams containing chlorides or halides. The alloy resists atmospheric corrosion, as well as, moderately oxidizing and reducing environments. It also resists corrosion in polluted marine conditions. Alloy 316H is non-magnetic in the annealed condition. It cannot be hardened by heat treatment; however the material will harden due to cold working. It can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Standards
ASTM........A 240
ASME........SA 240

Corrosion Resistance

In most instances the corrosion resistance of Alloy 316H will be comparable to Alloy 316/316 L and will have superior corrosion resistance to Alloy 304/304L. Process environments that do not attack Alloy 304/304L will not attack this grade. One exception, however, is in highly oxidizing acids such as nitric acid where stainless steels containing molybdenum are less resistant. Alloy 316H performs well in sulfur containing service such as that encountered in the pulp and paper industry. The alloy can be used in high concentrations at temperatures up to 120°F (38°C). Alloy 316H also has good resistance to pitting in phosphoric and acetic acids. It performs well in boiling 20% phosphoric acid. The alloy can also be used in food and pharmaceutical process industries where it is utilized to handle hot organic and fatty acids where product contamination is a concern. Alloy 316H performs well in fresh water service even with high levels of chlorides. The alloy has excellent resistance to corrosion in marine environments under atmospheric conditions. The higher molybdenum content of Alloy 316H assures it will have superior pitting resistance to Alloy 304/304L in applications involving chloride solutions particularly in oxidizing environments.

Applications

Chemical and Petrochemical Processing – pressure vessels, tanks, heat exchangers, piping systems, flanges, fittings, valves, and pumps
Food and Beverage Processing
Marine
Medical
Petroleum Refining
Pharmaceutical Processing
Power Generation — nuclear
Pulp and Paper
Textiles
Water Treatment

A Corrosion Resistant Austenitic Stainless Steel with a High Molybdenum and Nitrogen Content Developed for Use in Chloride Containing Environments. Alloy 317LMN (UNS S31726) is an austenitic chromium-nickel-molybdenum stainless steel with corrosion resistance superior to 316L and 317L. The higher molybdenum content, combined with an addition of nitrogen, provides the alloy with its enhanced corrosion resistance, especially in acidic chloride containing service. The combination of molybdenum and nitrogen also improves the alloys resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.

The nitrogen content of Alloy 317LMN acts as a strengthening agent giving it a higher yield strength than 317L .Alloy 317LMN is also a low carbon grade which enables it to be used in the as-welded condition free from chromium carbide precipitation on the grain boundaries.

Alloy 317LMN is non-magnetic in the annealed condition. It cannot be hardened by heat treatment, only by cold working. The alloy can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Specification
Alloy 317LMN (UNS S31726)
W. Nr. 1.4439

Corrosion Resistance

The higher molybdenum and nitrogen content of Alloy 317LMN assures superior general and localized corrosion resistance in most media when compared with 304/304L, 316/316L and even 317L stainless steels. Environments that don’t attack 304/304L stainless steel will normally not corrode 317LMN. One exception, however, are strongly oxidizing acids such as nitric acid. Alloys that contain molybdenum generally do not perform as well in these environments.

Alloy 317LMN has excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of chemicals. It resists attack in sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acidic chlorine and phosphoric acid. It is used in handling hot organic and fatty acids often present in food and pharmaceutical processing applications.

Because of its low carbon content, Alloy 317LMN should be utilized when it will be exposed to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range of 800-1500°F (427-816°C). The higher nitrogen content of 317LMN further retards the precipitation of sigma phase as well as carbides.

In general, austenitic stainless steels are subject to chloride stress corrosion cracking in halide service. Although 317LMN is somewhat more resistant to stress corrosion cracking than 304/304L stainless steels, because of its higher molybdenum content, it is still susceptible.

The higher chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen content of 317LMN enhance its ability to resist pitting and crevice corrosion in the presence of chlorides and other halides. The Pitting Resistance Equivalent including Nitrogen number (PREN) is a relative measure of pitting resistance. The following chart offers a comparison Alloy 317LMN and other austenitic stainless steels.

Alloy 317LMN can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Applications
Aerospace – piston engine manifolds
Chemical Processing
Expansion Joints
Food Processing – equipment and storage
Petroleum Refining – polythionic acid service
Waste Treatment – thermal oxidizers
Pharmaceutical Production

SS 317LMN Sheets Stockist
1.4439 Sheets Stockist
S32726 Sheets Stockist
ASTM A240 Gr 317LMN Sheets Stockist
SS 317LMN Sheets Suppliers
1.4439 Sheets Suppliers
S32726 Sheets Suppliers
ASTM A240 Gr 317LMN Sheets Suppliers
SS 317LMN Sheets Traders
1.4439 Sheets Traders
S32726 Sheets Traders
ASTM A240 Gr 317LMN Sheets Traders
SS 317LMN Sheets Dealers

Alloy 309/309S (UNS S30900/S30908) austenitic stainless steel is typically used for elevated temperature applications. Its high chromium and nickel content provides comparable corrosion resistance, superior resistance to oxidation, and the retention of a larger fraction of room temperature strength than the common austenitic Alloy 304. Alloy 309 (UNS S30900) is an austenitic stainless steel developed for use in high temperature corrosion resistance applications. The alloy resists oxidation up to 1900°F (1038°C) under non-cyclic conditions. Frequent thermal cycling reduces oxidation resistance to approximately 1850°F (1010°C). Because of its high chromium and low nickel content, Alloy 309 can be utilized in sulfur containing atmospheres up to 1832°F (1000°C). The alloy is not recommended for use in highly carburizing atmospheres since it exhibits only moderate resistance to carbon absorption. Alloy 309 can be utilized in slightly oxidizing, nitriding, cementing and thermal cycling applications, albeit, the maximum service temperature must be reduced.When heated between 1202 – 1742°F (650 – 950°C) the alloy is subject to sigma phase precipitation. A solution annealing treatment at 2012 – 2102°F (1100 – 1150°C) will restore a degree of toughness.309S (UNS S30908) is the low carbon version of the alloy. It is utilized for ease of fabrication. 309H (UNS S30909) is a high carbon modification developed for enhanced creep resistance. It most instances the grain size and carbon content of the plate can meet both the 309S and 309H requirements. Alloy 309 can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Standard
ASTM A 240
ASME SA 240
AMS 5523

Features
Alloy 309 is not designed for service in wet corrosive environments. The high carbon content, which is present to enhance creep properties, has a detrimental effect on aqueous corrosion resistance. The alloy is prone to intergranular corrosion after long term exposure at high temperatures. 

Specification
Alloy 309/309S/309H (UNS S30900, S30908, S30909)
W. Nr. 1.4833

Applications:
Furnaces — burners, doors, fans, piping and recuperates 
Fluidized Bed Furnaces — grids, piping, wind boxes
Paper Mill Equipment
Petroleum Refining — catalytic recovery systems, recuperates
Power Generation — pulverized coal burners, tube hangers
Thermal Processing — annealing covers and boxes, burners grids, doors, fans, lead pans and neutral salt pots, muffles and retorts, recuperates, walking beams
Waste Treatment — incinerators, rotary kilns and calciners

SS 309 Plate Exporters, SS 309 Plate Suppliers, SS 309 Plate Stockiest, SS 309 Plate Mumbai, SS 309 Plate India 
SS 309 Coil Exporters
SS 309 Coil Suppliers
SS 309 Coil Stockiest
SS 309 Coil Mumbai
SS 309 Coil India 

Stainless Steel 309 Cut Plates, Stainless Steel 309 Strips
SS 309 Strips

Grade 303 represents the optimum in machinability among the austenitic stainless steels. It is primarily used when production involves extensive machining in automatic screw machines. Alloy 303 is a non-magnetic, austenitic, free-machining stainless steel that is a modification of the basic 10% chromium -8% nickel stainless steel specially designed to exhibit improved machinability while maintaining good mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties. Stainless steel is a family of iron-based alloys that contain a minimum of approximately 11% chromium, a composition that prevents the iron from rusting as well as providing heat resistant properties. Different types of stainless steel include the elements C (from 0.03% to greater than 1.00%), N, Al, Si, S, Ti, Ni, Cu, Se, Nb, and Mo). Stainless steel are often designated by a three digit number.

The sulphur addition which is responsible for the improved machining and galling characteristics of Grade 303 lowers its corrosion resistance to below that of Grade 304. As for other austenitic grades the structure gives 303 excellent toughness, although the sulphur in 303 reduces its toughness slightly. Grade 303Se has a selenium rather than sulphur addition, improving the hot and cold forming characteristics over those of 303 and providing a smoother machined surface finish. The machinability rate is also slightly reduced.

Alloy 303 is an austenitic stainless steel developed for applications requiring extensive machining operations. The alloy has a sulfur addition which assists in breaking up turnings while reducing drag on the cutting tool when compared to the machining characteristics of the conventional 18-8 stainless steel.

The alloy is nonmagnetic in the annealed condition , but may become slightly magnetic as a result of cold working. The addition of sulfur negatively impacts the corrosion resistance of 303 making it less resistant than 304 to mildly corrosive environments.

Specification
Alloy 303 (UNS S30300) | X8CrNiS18-9 | SUS 303 | 1.4305

Standards
ASTM A 895

Corrosion Resistance
Alloy 303 is resistant to mildly corrosive environments. However, the alloy’s corrosion resistance is inferior to 304 in most applications. Its corrosion resistance is superior to 416, another free-machining grade, but is somewhat inferior to other 400 series stainless steels which do not contain higher sulfur levels. In order to obtain optimal corrosion resistance, it is recommended that Alloy 303 be chemically treated to remove sulfides from the final surfaces

Heat Treatment

Annealing – Heat to a minimum temperature of 1900°F (1038°C) and water quench or rapid cool by other means.

Hardening – Alloy 303 cannot be hardened by thermal treatment, it can only be hardened by cold working.

Cold Forming
The cold formability of Alloy 303 is adversely impacted by the high sulfur content. The alloy may be bent with a generous bend radius, however, when cold forming is required, 304 should be utilized.

Hot Forming
The high sulfur content of Alloy 303 also has a detrimental impact on hot workability. If hot forming is required, once again, 304 should be considered as an alternate selection.

Machining
Alloy 303 was developed specifically for ease of machining. The sulfur addition assists in breaking up turnings which reduces drag on the cutting tool. It produces small brittle chips and may be machined at high speeds with deep cuts and heavy feeds.

Applications
Nuts and Bolts, Bushings, Shafts, Aircraft Fittings, Electrical Switchgear,Components, Gears

Stainless Steel 303 Stockist
Stainless Steel 303 Exporter
Stainless Steel 303 Dealer
Stainless Steel 303 Trader
Stainless Steel 303 Manufacturer
Stainless Steel 303 Supplier

Type 305 is a chromium nickel austenitic stainless steel with a low rate of work hardening due to the elevated nickel content. This low rate of work hardening makes this grade well suited for multi-stage deep drawing applications without process annealing where 304/304L may suffer from cracking issues. Type 305 is non-magnetic in the annealed and cold worked conditions and has corrosion resistance similar to 304/304L stainless steel. Austenitic stainless steel is a specific type of stainless steel alloy. Austenitic stainless steels possess austenite as their primary crystalline structure. 300 series stainless steels are the larger subgroup.

Resistance to corrosion and staining, low maintenance, and familiar luster make stainless steel an ideal material for many applications where both the strength of steel and corrosion resistance is required. Moreover, stainless steel can be rolled into sheets, plates, bars, wire and tubing. These can be used in cookware, cutlery, surgical instruments, major appliances, construction material in large buildings, industrial equipment (e.g., in paper mills, chemical plants, water treatment), and storage tanks and tankers for chemicals and food products. The corrosion resistance, the ease with which the material can be steam-cleaned and sterilized, and absence of the need for surface coatings have prompted the use of stainless steel in kitchens and food processing plants.

Specifications
UNS: S30500

Features
Very good corrosion resistance,
Weld ability and cold deformability.
Good deep drawing properties and very good high gloss polish ability.

Standard
SS 305 Sheets
S30500 Sheets
ASTM A240 Gr 305 Sheets
Z 8 CN 18-12 Sheets
X 8 CrNi 1812 Sheets
SUS 305 Sheets
X 8 CrNi 18-12 Sheets
23 33 Sheets
305S19 Sheets
X 8 CrNi 18 12 Sheets
Z 6 CNU 18-10 Sheets
SUS XM7 Sheet

Applications
Heat exchangers
Chemical industry
Food industry
Petroleum industry
Fabrication industry
Nuclear industry

SS 305 Sheets Stockist
S30500 Sheets Stockist
ASTM A240 Gr 305 Sheets Stockist
SS 305 Sheets Suppliers
S30500 Sheets Suppliers
ASTM A240 Gr 305 Sheets Suppliers
SS 305 Sheets Traders
S30500 Sheets Traders
ASTM A240 Gr 305 Sheets Traders
SS 305 Sheets Dealers
S30500 Sheets Dealers
ASTM A240 Gr 305 Sheets Dealers
SS 305 Sheets Manufacturers
S30500 Sheets Manufacturers
ASTM A240 Gr 305 Sheets Manufacturers
SS 305 Sheets Exporters
S30500 Sheets Exporters
ASTM A240 Gr 305 Sheets Exporters

Alloy 317L (UNS S31703) is a molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel with greatly increased resistance to chemical attack as compared to the conventional chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels such as Alloy 304. In addition, Alloy 317L offers higher creep, stress-to-rupture, and tensile strength at elevated temperatures than conventional stainless steels. It is a low carbon or "L" grade which provides resistance to sensitization during welding and other thermal processes. Alloy 317L (UNS S31703) is a lowcarbon corrosion resistant austenitic chromium-nickel-molybdenum stainless steel. The high levels of these elements assure the alloy has superior chloride pitting and general corrosion resistance to the conventional 304/304L and 316/316L grades. The alloy provides improved resistance relative to 316L in strongly corrosive environments containing sulfurous media, chlorides, and other halides.

The low carbon content of Alloy 317L enables it to be welded without intergranular corrosion resulting from chromium carbide precipitation enabling it to be used in the as-welded condition. With the addition of nitrogen as a strengthening agent, the alloy can be dual certified as Alloy 317 (UNS S31700). Alloy 317L is non-magnetic in the annealed condition. It cannot be hardened by heat treatment, however the material will harden due to cold working. Alloy 317L can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Specification
Alloy 317L (UNS S31703)
W. Nr. 1.4438

Standards

ASTM A 240
ASME SA 240

Corrosion Resistance
The higher molybdenum content of Alloy 317L assures superior general and localized corrosion resistance in most media when compared with 304/304L and 316/316L stainless steels. Environments that don't attack 304/304L stainless steel will normally not corrode 317L. One exception, however, are strongly oxidizing acids such as nitric acid. Alloys that contain molybdenum generally do not perform as well in these environments.

Alloy 317L has excellent corrosion resistance to a wide range of chemicals. It resists attack in sulfuric acid, acidic chlorine and phosphoric acid. It is used in handling hot organic and fatty acids often present in food and pharmaceutical processing applications.

The corrosion resistance of 317 and 317L should be the same in any given environment. The one exception is where the alloy will be exposed to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range of 800 – 1500°F (427 – 816°C). Because of its low carbon content, 317L is the preferred material in this service to guard against intergranular corrosion.

Applications
Air Pollution Control — flue gas desulfurization systems (FGD)
Chemical and Petrochemical Processing
Explosives
Food and Beverage Processing
Petroleum Refining
Power Generation — condensers
Pulp and Paper

Alloy 330 (UNS N08330) is an austenitic nickel-iron-chromium alloy developed to provide excellent resistance to carburizing and oxidizing atmospheres at elevated temperatures. With a nickel content of 34 to 37 percent, the alloy remains highly resistant to both chloride stress corrosion cracking and embrittlement from the precipitation of sigma phase. It is readily fabricated using standard procedures for stainless steel and nickel alloys. The alloy is used extensively in elevated temperatures where resistance to the combined effects of thermal cycling and carburization is required. Alloy 330 (UNS N08330) is an austenitic nickel-iron-chromium alloy developed to provide excellent resistance to carburizing and oxidizing atmospheres at elevated temperatures. With a nickel content of 34 to 37 percent, the alloy remains highly resistant to both chloride stress corrosion cracking and embrittlement from the precipitation of sigma phase. The high nickel and chromium content provides excellent resistance to both oxidation and carburization. The oxidation resistance is also enhanced by the silicon content of the alloy. The alloy performs well under cyclic conditions of heating and cooling and in alternate carburizing and oxidizing atmospheres. Alloy 330 offers a high level of corrosion resistance, particularly to oxidation, carburization, and nitridation. It is readily fabricated using standard procedures for stainless steels and nickel alloys. The alloy is used extensively in elevated temperature atmospheres where resistance to the combined effects of thermal cycling and carburization is required.

Specification
Alloy 330 (UNS N08330)
Nickel-Iron-Chromium Alloy Offering Excellent Resistance to Carburizing & Oxidizing Atmospheres

Standards
ASTM B 536
ASME SB 536
AMS 5592

Corrosion Resistance
Alloy 330 provides a high level of corrosion resistance, particularly to oxidation, carburization, and nitridation. In aqueous environments the chromium content of 330 provides resistance to oxidizing conditions, while the nickel content enhances resistance to reducing conditions. The alloy high nickel content also makes it highly resistant to chloride stress corrosion cracking and sigma phase embrittlement.

Oxidation Resistance
Alloy 330 has good oxidation resistance and resists scale formation up to about 2000°F (1095°C). Any scale which is formed is tightly adherent, particularly under cyclic conditions of heating and cooling.

Carburization Resistance
The alloy's 35 percent nickel content and silicon addition contribute greatly to its excellent resistance to carburization. In alternating carburizing and oxidizing atmospheres, Alloy 330 exhibits excellent resistance to this phenomenon. 

Nitridation Resistance
Alloy 330 exhibits good resistance to nitrogen-containing atmospheres where the oxygen content is low. It is used extensively in components handling cracked ammonia.

Applications

Chemical and Petrochemical Processing
Cracked ammonia components
Petrochemical furnace parts
Petrochemical waste remediation units
Heat exchangers
Flares
Ore Processing
Perlite systems and equipment
Power Generation
Boiler fixtures
Gas turbine components
Thermal Processing
Heat-treat furnace containers
Heat-treat furnace components
High temperature fan

Stainless steel grade 441 is a ferritic stainless-steel containing niobium that provides the steel good oxidation and corrosion resistance. This steel provides good high-temperature strength in exhaust gas environments, and has good for deep drawing, good ductility, good weldability, and good brightness. It polishes well. The 441-flat rolled stainless steel possesses magnetic quality in all conditions. This grade may be used in the annealed, cold formed or as-welded condition in applications where other stainless steels such as Type 304/304L and Type 430 are used. Type 441 has good weldability due to titanium and niobium stabilization and has excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Type 441 outperforms Type 409 in both oxidation and corrosion resistance and typical applications include automotive manifolds and exhaust system components. The high temperature strength of Type 441 exceeds that of both Types 439 and 409 stainless steels.
 
Processing / Welding
Standard welding processes for this steel grade are:
TIG-Welding
 MAG-Welding Solid Wire
Arc Welding (E)
 
Applications
Grade 441 stainless steel is applied in catering equipment and automotive-exhaust system components.
Indoor cladding
Restaurant equipment and appliances
Tubes
Heat exchangers

Alloy 625 is an austenitic nickel-chromium-molybdenum-niobium alloy possessing a rare combination of outstanding corrosion resistance coupled with high strength from cryogenic temperatures to 1800°F (982°C). An Austenitic Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Niobium Alloy with Outstanding Corrosion Resistance and High Strength from Cryogenic Temperatures to 1800°F (982°C)

The strength of Alloy 625 is derived from the solid-solution hardening of the nickel-chromium matrix by the presence of molybdenum and niobium. Therefore, precipitation-hardening treatments are not required.

The chemical composition of Alloy 625 is also responsible for its outstanding corrosion resistance in a variety of severe operating environments along with resistance to oxidation and carburization in high temperature service. The alloy is resistant to pitting, crevice corrosion, and impingement corrosion, inter-granular attack and is almost immune to chloride stress corrosion cracking. Alloy 625 can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Specification
Alloy 625 (UNS N06625)
W. Nr. 2.48161

Standards
ASTM B 443
ASME SB 443
AMS 5599

Corrosion Resistance
The highly alloyed chemical composition of Alloy 625 imparts outstanding corrosion resistance in a variety of severely corrosive environments. The alloy is virtually immune to attack in mild conditions such as the atmosphere, fresh and sea water, neutral salts and alkaline solutions. Nickel and chromium provide resistance to oxidizing solutions and the combination of nickel and molybdenum supply resistance in non-oxidizing environments. Molybdenum also makes Alloy 625 resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion, while niobium acts as a stabilizer during welding to prevent intergranular cracking. The high nickel content of Alloy 625 makes it virtually immune to chloride stress corrosion cracking.

The alloy resists attack by mineral acids such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric and sulfuric, and to alkalis and organic acids in both oxidizing and reducing conditions.

Alloy 625 can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices, however because the high strength of the alloy, it resists deformation at hot-working temperatures.

Hot Forming
The hot-working temperature range for Alloy 625 is 1650 – 2150°F (900 – 1177°C). Heavy working needs to occur as close to 2150°F (1177°C) as possible, while lighter working can take place down to 1700°F (927°C). Hot-working should occur in uniform reductions to prevent duplex grain structure.

Applications
Aerospace Components – bellows and expansion joints, ducting systems, jet engine exhaust systems, engine thrust-reversers, turbine shroud rings

Air Pollution Control – chimney liners, dampers, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) components

Chemical Processing – equipment handling both oxidizing and reducing acids, super-phosphoric acid production

Marine Service – steam line bellows, Navy ship exhaust systems, submarine auxiliary propulsion systems

Nuclear Industry – reactor core and control rod components, waste reprocessing equipment

Offshore Oil and Gas Production – waste flare gas stacks, piping systems, riser sheathing, sour gas piping and tubing

Petroleum Refining – waste flare gas stacks

Waste Treatment – waste incineration components

Nickel 201 plate offer outstanding corrosion resistance to caustic soda and other alkalis. Ni 201 perform best in reducing environments but can also be used under oxidizing conditions when a passive oxide film is formed. It is used in aerospace, chemical and petrochemical processing, food processing and marine and water treatment applications. Nickel 201 is highly ductile across a wide temperature range and can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices. 201 (UNS N02201) is dual-certifiable wrought nickel materials. It differ only in the maximum carbon levels present—0.02% for Nickel 201.

Higher temperatures Nickel 201 plate should be utilized. Both grades are approved under ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 1. Nickel 201 plate is approved up to 1250ºF (677ºC).

Ni 201 grade offer outstanding corrosion resistance to caustic soda and other alkalis. The alloys perform best in reducing environments but can also be used under oxidizing conditions that produce a passive oxide film. They both resist corrosion by distilled, natural water and flowing seawater but are attacked by stagnant seawater.

201 is ferromagnetic and exhibit highly ductile mechanical properties across a wide temperature range. Ni 201 grades is easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Specification
Nickel 201 N02201
W. Nr. 2.4068

Standards
ASTM B 162
ASME SB 162

Corrosion Resistance
Nickel 201 plate possess excellent resistance in many corrosive environments including hydrofluoric acid and alkalis. These alloy perform extremely well under reducing conditions but can also be used in oxidizing conditions due to the formation of a passive oxide film. The outstanding resistance of Nickel 201 plates in caustics is based on this type of protection. In conditions where temperatures exceed 600ºF (315ºC), Nickel 201 plate is the preferred material, due to its lower carbon content. The resistance of Nickel 201 plate in mineral acid applications varies depending on the concentration and temperature, as well as if the solution is aerated. The alloys perform better in non-aerated acid solutions. Nickel 201 plate perform well in acids, alkalis, and neutral salt solutions. However, in oxidizing salt solutions, strong corrosion can take place. Both alloys resist dry gases at room temperatures. Nickel 201 plate can be used in hydrogen chloride and dry chlorine gas up to 1022ºF (550ºC).
Applications

Aerospace and Missile Components

Chemical and Petrochemical Processing - chlor-alkali production, caustic soda and other alkalis; sulfuric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, phosphoric, and organic acids; neutral and reducing salt solutions; reactive chlorides including phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride, nitrosyl chloride, benzyl chloride, and benzoyl chloride; fluorine and chlorine; bromine and phenol

Food Processing Equipment - cooling brine, fatty acids, fruit juices

Marine and Water Treatment - distilled, natural water and flowing seawater

Alloy 600 (UNS N06600) is a nickel-chromium alloy designed for use from cryogenic to elevated temperatures in the range of 2000°F (1093°C). Alloy 600 is non-magnetic and readily weldable. The alloy is used in a variety of corrosion resisting applications. The high nickel content of Alloy 600 provides a level of resistance to reducing environments, while the chromium content of the material provides resistance to weaker oxidizing environments. The high nickel content of the material provides exceptional resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking. A Versatile Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloy Possessing a Unique Combination of High Temperature Resistance up to 2000°F (1093°C) and Excellent Corrosion Resistance. Alloy 600 (UNS N06600) is a versatile nickel-chromium-iron alloy that be utilized in temperatures ranging from cryogenic up to 2000°F (1093°C) and for corrosion resistant service. The high nickel content assures the alloy will be virtually immune to chloride-ion stress corrosion cracking while also providing corrosion resistance to many organic and inorganic compounds. The chromium content provides resistance to oxidizing environments at high temperatures or in corrosive media, it also resists sulfur compounds. In high temperature service, Alloy 600 resists oxidation and scaling up to 2000°F (1093°C). It is well suited for applications requiring carburization resistance or in sulfur containing environments at moderate temperatures. However, it is subject to sulfidation at high temperatures.

Alloy 600 is non-magnetic and cannot be hardened by heat treatment, only by cold working. It can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Specification
Alloy 600 (UNS N06600)
W. Nr. 2.48161

Standards
ASTM B 168
ASME SB 168
AMS 5540 

Corrosion Resistance
Alloy 600 resists corrosion in a variety of environments. Because of the high chromium content of the alloy, it is superior to Nickel 200/201 under oxidizing conditions and its high nickel content enables it to perform well in reducing environments. The presence of nickel also provides excellent resistance to alkaline solutions Alloy 600 has moderate resistance to strongly oxidizing acids. However, oxidation occurring in dissolved air alone is not sufficient to insure complete passivity and freedom from attack by air-saturated mineral acids and certain concentrated organic acids.

Heat Resistance
Alloy 600 is used extensively in the thermal processing industry where resistance to oxidation and furnace atmospheres is required. The alloy is also utilized in nitriding applications because of its resistance to nitrogen at high temperatures.

Alloy 600 can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices. The alloy cannot be hardened by heat treatment, only by cold working. 

Applications
Aerospace Components

Chemical Processing – chlorination equipment, fatty acids, hydrogen fluoride, magnesium chloride, vinyl chloride monomer, sodium sulfide, titanium dioxide

Food Processing

Petrochemical Processing – catalyst regenerators

Power Generation – nuclear components

Pulp and Paper – abiotic acid equipment

Thermal Processing – baskets and trays, boxes, muffles and retorts, nitriding containers, roller hearths, vacuum furnace components.

Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate (UNS N10276) is a nickel-molybdenum-chromium-iron-tungsten alloy which is among the most corrosion-resistant alloys currently available. The high molybdenum content imparts resistance to localized corrosion such as pitting. The low carbon minimizes carbide precipitation during welding to maintain resistance to intergranular attack in heat affected zones of welding joints.

Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate also has good high temperature strength and moderate oxidation resistance although the alloy will eventually form embrittling high temperature precipitates. A Nickel-Molybdenum-Chromium Alloy with Excellent Corrosion Resistance in both Oxidizing and Reducing Environments

Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate (UNS N10276) is an austenitic nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy with a small addition of tungsten. It is one of the premier corrosion resistant materials available for process industries. Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate has excellent corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and reducing environments. The combination of the high molybdenum and chromium content, along with the addition of tungsten, make Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate highly resistant to chloride stress corrosion cracking, pitting, crevice corrosion and general corrosion. Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate can operate in oxidizing atmospheres up to 1900oF (1038oC), however, the alloy lacks sufficient chromium content to operate successfully in the most strongly oxidizing environments like hot, concentrated nitric acid. The low carbon content of Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate enables the alloy to be utilized in the as-welded condition. It cannot be hardened by heat treatment, but can be hardened by cold working. The alloy has a higher work-hardening rate than the austenitic stainless steels which should be taken into consideration. Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate can be easily welded and processed utilizing standard shop fabrication practices for austenitic stainless steels and nickel based alloys.

Specifications
Alloy C276 (UNS N10276)
W. Nr. 2.4819 

Standards
ASTM B 4575
ASME SB 575

Corrosion Resistance
Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate is one of the premier corrosion resistant materials that performs exceptionally well in both oxidizing and reducing environments. It resists chloride stress corrosion cracking, pitting, crevice and general corrosion. The alloy is also resistant to carbide precipitation during welding enabling it to be utilized in the as-welded condition. In chemical processing applications, the alloy has exceptional resistance to sulfuric, hydrochloric, formic, and acetic and phosphoric acids. Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate performs well in environments containing acid chlorides, solvents and acetic anhydride, the alloy is one of the few grades that with stands wet chlorine gas, hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide solutions. Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate is highly resistant to concentrated solutions of oxidizing salts including iron and copper chloride. It also performs well in seawater, especially under crevice conditions where other frequently used alloys such as stainless steel, Alloy 400 and Alloy 625 fail.

Applications
Air Pollution Control – flue gas desulfurization systems – stack liners, absorbers, ducts, dampers, stack gas re-heaters and fans
Chemical Processing – heat exchangers, pressure vessels, tanks, evaporators, piping, flanges and fittings, pumps and valves
Oil and Gas Production – sour gas service components
Pharmaceutical Production – reactor vessels, piping, flanges and fittings, pumps and valves
Pulp and Paper – bleaching vessels and digesters
Waste Treatment – incinerators for toxic, industrial and municipal waste

Alloy 400 (UNS N04400) is a ductile nickel-copper alloy with resistance to a variety of corrosive conditions. The alloy is most frequently specified in environments ranging from mildly oxidizing through neutral and in moderately reducing conditions. An additional application area of the material is in marine environments and other non-oxidizing chloride solutions. Alloy 400 (UNS N04400) is a nickel-copper alloy with excellent resistance to a wide range of corrosive environments. It is resistant to chloride stress corrosion cracking and has high strength and toughness over a wide range of temperatures. The alloy is used extensively in many corrosive applications especially in the marine and chemical processing industries. Alloy 400 is readily fabricated by conventional processing operations.

Alloy 400AR is produced in the as-rolled condition to meet higher strength requirements 

Specification
Alloy 400 (UNS N04400)
W.Nr. 2.4360 & 2.4361

Standards
ASTM B 127
ASME SB 127
AMS 4544
Federal QQ-N-281

Corrosion Resistance
Alloy 400 is a very versatile corrosion resistant material. It exhibits resistance to corrosion in many reducing environments, and it is generally more resistant than higher copper alloys to oxidizing media. Alloy 400 is one of the few materials that will withstand contact with fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, hydrogen fluoride or their derivatives. The alloy has been found to offer exceptional resistance to hydrofluoric acid in all concentrations up to the boiling point. Alloy 400 also resists sulfuric and hydrochloric acids under reducing conditions. It has outstanding resistance to neutral and alkaline salts and has been utilized for many years as a material of construction for salt plants. Alloy 400 is one of the most widely used materials for marine applications, shipbuilding and seawater desalination plants. The alloy exhibits very low rates of corrosion in flowing sea or brackish water. However, under stagnant conditions, the alloy can encounter crevice and pitting corrosion. Alloy 400 resists stress corrosion cracking and pitting in most fresh and industrial water applications.

Alloy 400 is readily fabricated by conventional processing operations. 
Hot Working
Alloy 400 is a relatively soft material that is receptive to hot forming into almost any shape. The range of hot forming temperatures is 1200 - 2150°F (649 - 1177°C). For heavy reductions the recommended temperature range is 1700 – 2150°F (927 – 1177°C). Light reductions are possible with temperatures as low as 1200°F (649°C). Working at lower temperatures will result in higher mechanical properties and smaller grain size.

Cold Working
Alloy 400 is readily cold worked by virtually all cold fabrication methods. Cold working should be performed on annealed material.

Applications
Chemical Processing Equipment – In fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, hydrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, neutral and alkaline salt solutions, caustic alkalis, non-oxidizing halides and dry chlorine service.

Marine Components – shipbuilding, valves, pumps, shafts and in sea and brackish water

Oil and Gas Production – splash-zones for offshore structures and sour gas applications

Ore Processing – uranium refining and separation in the production of nuclear fuels

Petroleum Refining – alkylation units, crude petroleum stills, piping and storage tanks

Power Generation – feed-water heaters and steam generators

Water Treatment – brine heaters and evaporators in seawater desalination plants