Sheet Plate And Coil

Alloy 600 (UNS N06600) is a nickel-chromium alloy designed for use from cryogenic to elevated temperatures in the range of 2000°F (1093°C). Alloy 600 is non-magnetic and readily weldable. The alloy is used in a variety of corrosion resisting applications. The high nickel content of Alloy 600 provides a level of resistance to reducing environments, while the chromium content of the material provides resistance to weaker oxidizing environments. The high nickel content of the material provides exceptional resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking. A Versatile Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloy Possessing a Unique Combination of High Temperature Resistance up to 2000°F (1093°C) and Excellent Corrosion Resistance. Alloy 600 (UNS N06600) is a versatile nickel-chromium-iron alloy that be utilized in temperatures ranging from cryogenic up to 2000°F (1093°C) and for corrosion resistant service. The high nickel content assures the alloy will be virtually immune to chloride-ion stress corrosion cracking while also providing corrosion resistance to many organic and inorganic compounds. The chromium content provides resistance to oxidizing environments at high temperatures or in corrosive media, it also resists sulfur compounds. In high temperature service, Alloy 600 resists oxidation and scaling up to 2000°F (1093°C). It is well suited for applications requiring carburization resistance or in sulfur containing environments at moderate temperatures. However, it is subject to sulfidation at high temperatures.

Alloy 600 is non-magnetic and cannot be hardened by heat treatment, only by cold working. It can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Specification
Alloy 600 (UNS N06600)
W. Nr. 2.48161

Standards
ASTM B 168
ASME SB 168
AMS 5540 

Corrosion Resistance
Alloy 600 resists corrosion in a variety of environments. Because of the high chromium content of the alloy, it is superior to Nickel 200/201 under oxidizing conditions and its high nickel content enables it to perform well in reducing environments. The presence of nickel also provides excellent resistance to alkaline solutions Alloy 600 has moderate resistance to strongly oxidizing acids. However, oxidation occurring in dissolved air alone is not sufficient to insure complete passivity and freedom from attack by air-saturated mineral acids and certain concentrated organic acids.

Heat Resistance
Alloy 600 is used extensively in the thermal processing industry where resistance to oxidation and furnace atmospheres is required. The alloy is also utilized in nitriding applications because of its resistance to nitrogen at high temperatures.

Alloy 600 can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices. The alloy cannot be hardened by heat treatment, only by cold working. 

Applications
Aerospace Components

Chemical Processing – chlorination equipment, fatty acids, hydrogen fluoride, magnesium chloride, vinyl chloride monomer, sodium sulfide, titanium dioxide

Food Processing

Petrochemical Processing – catalyst regenerators

Power Generation – nuclear components

Pulp and Paper – abiotic acid equipment

Thermal Processing – baskets and trays, boxes, muffles and retorts, nitriding containers, roller hearths, vacuum furnace components.

Alloy 321 (UNS S32100) is titanium stabilized austenitic stainless steel plate with good general corrosion resistance. It has excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion after exposure to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range of 800 - 1500°F (427 - 816°C). The alloy resists oxidation to 1500°F (816°C) and has higher creep and stress rupture properties than alloys 304 and 304L. It also possesses good low temperature toughness.

Alloy 321H (UNS S 32109) stainless steel plate is the higher carbon (0.04 - 0.10) version of the alloy. It was developed for enhanced creep resistance and for higher strength at temperatures above 1000oF (537°C). In most instances, the carbon content of the plate enables dual certification.

Alloy 321 stainless steel plate cannot be hardened by heat treatment, only by cold working. It can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Applications
Aerospace – piston engine manifolds
Chemical Processing
Expansion Joints
Food Processing – equipment and storage
Petroleum Refining – polythionic acid service
Waste Treatment – thermal oxidizers
Pharmaceutical Production

Corrosion Resistance

Alloy 321 stainless steel plate exhibits good general corrosion resistance that is comparable to 304. It was developed for use in the chromium carbide precipitation range of 1800 – 1500°F (427 – 816°C) where un-stabilized alloys such as 304 are subject to intergranular attack.

The alloy can be used in most diluted organic acids at moderate temperatures and in pure phosphoric acid at lower temperatures and up to 10% diluted solutions at elevated temperatures. Alloy 321 resists polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking in hydrocarbon service. It can also be utilized in chloride or fluoride free caustic solutions at moderate temperatures.
Alloy 321 stainless steel plate does not perform well in chloride solutions, even in small concentrations, or in sulfuric acid service. Alloy 321 stainless steel plate can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Cold Forming

The alloy is quite ductile and forms easily.

Hot Forming

The high sulfur content of Alloy 303 also has a detrimental impact on hot workability. If hot forming is required, once again, 304 should be considered as an alternate selection.

Alloy 309/309S (UNS S30900/S30908) austenitic stainless steel is typically used for elevated temperature applications. Its high chromium and nickel content provides comparable corrosion resistance, superior resistance to oxidation, and the retention of a larger fraction of room temperature strength than the common austenitic Alloy 304. Alloy 309 (UNS S30900) is an austenitic stainless steel developed for use in high temperature corrosion resistance applications. The alloy resists oxidation up to 1900°F (1038°C) under non-cyclic conditions. Frequent thermal cycling reduces oxidation resistance to approximately 1850°F (1010°C). Because of its high chromium and low nickel content, Alloy 309 can be utilized in sulfur containing atmospheres up to 1832°F (1000°C). The alloy is not recommended for use in highly carburizing atmospheres since it exhibits only moderate resistance to carbon absorption. Alloy 309 can be utilized in slightly oxidizing, nitriding, cementing and thermal cycling applications, albeit, the maximum service temperature must be reduced.When heated between 1202 – 1742°F (650 – 950°C) the alloy is subject to sigma phase precipitation. A solution annealing treatment at 2012 – 2102°F (1100 – 1150°C) will restore a degree of toughness.309S (UNS S30908) is the low carbon version of the alloy. It is utilized for ease of fabrication. 309H (UNS S30909) is a high carbon modification developed for enhanced creep resistance. It most instances the grain size and carbon content of the plate can meet both the 309S and 309H requirements. Alloy 309 can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Standard
ASTM A 240
ASME SA 240
AMS 5523

Features
Alloy 309 is not designed for service in wet corrosive environments. The high carbon content, which is present to enhance creep properties, has a detrimental effect on aqueous corrosion resistance. The alloy is prone to intergranular corrosion after long term exposure at high temperatures. 

Specification
Alloy 309/309S/309H (UNS S30900, S30908, S30909)
W. Nr. 1.4833

Applications:
Furnaces — burners, doors, fans, piping and recuperates 
Fluidized Bed Furnaces — grids, piping, wind boxes
Paper Mill Equipment
Petroleum Refining — catalytic recovery systems, recuperates
Power Generation — pulverized coal burners, tube hangers
Thermal Processing — annealing covers and boxes, burners grids, doors, fans, lead pans and neutral salt pots, muffles and retorts, recuperates, walking beams
Waste Treatment — incinerators, rotary kilns and calciners

SS 309 Plate Exporters, SS 309 Plate Suppliers, SS 309 Plate Stockiest, SS 309 Plate Mumbai, SS 309 Plate India 
SS 309 Coil Exporters
SS 309 Coil Suppliers
SS 309 Coil Stockiest
SS 309 Coil Mumbai
SS 309 Coil India 

Stainless Steel 309 Cut Plates, Stainless Steel 309 Strips
SS 309 Strips

Alloy 17-4PH is a precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel with Cu and Nb/Cb additions. The grade combines high strength, hardness (up to 572F /300C), and corrosion resistance. Mechanical properties can be optimized with heat treatment. Very high yield strength up to 1100-1300 MPa (160-190 ksi) can be achieved. A Precipitation-Hardening Martensitic Stainless with High Strength and Hardness and Good Corrosion Resistance. Alloy 17-4PH (UNS S17400), Type 630, is a chromium-nickel-copper precipitation-hardening martensitic stainless steel with an addition of niobium. 17-4PH combines high strength and hardness with good corrosion resistance.

The alloy is furnished in the solution annealed condition (Condition A). It should not be used at temperatures above 572F (300C) or for cryogenic service. Optimal mechanical properties can be obtained by subjecting the alloy to age hardening heat treatments. Heat treatment in the 900F (482C) range produces the highest strength. The corrosion resistance of Alloy 17-4PH is comparable to 304 stainless steel in most environments & is generally superior to the 400 series stainless steels. It is used in applications where the combination of moderate corrosion resistance and unusually high strength are required.

Alloy 17-4PH can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices. It is magnetic.

Specification

Alloy 17-4PH (UNS S17400)
W. Nr. 1.4542 Type 630

Corrosion Resistance
The corrosion resistance of Alloy 17-4PH is comparable to 304 stainless steel in most environments, and is generally superior to the 400 series stainless steels. It is used in applications where the combination of moderate corrosion resistance and unusually high strength are required. Alloy 17-4PH has corrosion resistance comparable to 304L in some chemical, dairy, food, paper and petroleum applications.

Alloy 17-4PH in the solution-annealed condition (Condition A) should not generally be put in service. The alloy is subject to brittle fractures and more sensitive to chloride stress corrosion cracking than the aged material. If risks of chloride stress corrosion cracking are present the higher aging temperatures should be selected over 1022F (550C), preferably 1094F (590C). 1022F (550C) is the recommended tempering temperature in chloride service. 1094F (590C) is preferred in H2S media.

Alloy 17-4PH is subject to crevice corrosion and pitting attack when exposed to stagnant seawater for duration of time.

Applications
Aerospace - structural and parts
Biomedical - hand tools
Chemical Processing
Food Process Equipment
Gate Valves
Mechanical Components
Nuclear Waste Processing and Storage
Oil and Gas Production - foils, helicopter deck platforms, etc.
Pulp and Paper -paper mill
Equipment

Standards
ASTM A 693
ASME SA 693
AMS 5604

Alloy 17-4PH can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices. It is magnetic.

Heat Treatment
Alloy 17-4PH is provided in the solution-annealed condition (Condition A). Mechanical properties may be altered by subsequent age hardening treatments. These aging treatments are referred to as Conditions H900, H1025, H1075, H1150, H1150M and H1150D.

17-4 PH Stainless Steel is available in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Sheet, 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Plates, 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Tubes, 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Pipes, 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Bars, 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Flanges, 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Fittings

Nickel-Iron-Chromium Alloys Designed to Resist Oxidation and Carburization with Higher Creep and Stress Rupture Properties than Alloy 800 (UNS N08800)

Alloys 800H (UNS N08810) and 800HT (UNS N08811) are dual-certifiable Nickel-Iron-Chromium materials that resist oxidation, carburization and other high temperature corrosion. The chemical composition of the two alloys are identical to Alloy 800 (UNS N08800), with the exception of the higher level of carbon present in both grades— (0.05–0.10%) in alloy 800H, and (0.06–0.10%) in alloy 800HT. Alloy 800HT also has an addition of up 1.0 % aluminum and titanium. In addition to the chemistry restrictions, both alloys receive a high temperature annealing treatment that produces an average grain size of ASTM 5 or coarser. The restricted chemical compositions, combined with the high temperature anneal, assure these materials have greater creep and rupture strength when compared to Alloy 800.

Alloy 800H has good creep-rupture properties at temperatures above 1100°F (600°C). It remains ductile during long term use at temperatures below 1290°F (700°C) due to a maximum titanium and aluminum content of 0.7%. Alloy 800 with a standard anneal is recommended for service below 1100°F (600°C). Alloy 800H resists reducing, oxidizing and nitriding atmospheres, as well as, atmospheres that alternate between reducing and oxidizing. The alloy remains stable in long term high temperature service.

Alloy 800HT has excellent creep strength at temperatures above 1290°F (700°C). If the application involves frequent temperature excursions under 1290°F (700°C) or parts of are permanently exposed to a temperature below 1290°F (700°C), Alloy 800H should be utilized. The high temperature resistance of Alloy 800HT is comparable to Alloy 800H. It also remains stable in long term high temperature service.

Alloys 800H and 800HT are easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Specification
Alloy 800H/800HT (UNS N08810, UNS N08811)
W. Nr. 1.4958, 1.4959

Standards
ASTM B 409
ASME SB 409
AMS 5871

Corrosion Resistance
The high nickel and chromium content of Alloys 800H and 800HT generally means they will have very similar aqueous corrosion resistance. The alloys have corrosion resistance that is comparable to 304 when used in nitric and organic acid service. The alloys should not be used in sulfuric acid service. They are subject to chromium carbide precipitation if in service for prolonged exposure in the 1000-1400°F (538-760°C) temperature range. Since Alloys 800H and 800HT were developed primarily for high temperature strength, corrosive environments to which these grades are exposed normally involve high temperature reactions such as oxidation and carburization.

Alloys 800H and 800HT can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices. However, because of the high strength of the alloys, they require higher powered process equipment than standard austenitic stainless steels.

Applications
Chemical and Petrochemical Processing—process equipment for the production of ethylene, ethylene dichloride, acetic anhydride, ketene, nitric acid and oxy-alcohol

Petroleum Refining—steam/hydrocarbon reformers and hydride alkylation units

Power Generation—steam super-heaters and high temperature heat exchangers in gas-cooled nuclear reactors, heat exchangers and piping systems in coal-fired power plants

Thermal Processing Fixtures—radiant tubes, muffles, retorts and fixtures for heat-treating furnaces

Grade 303 represents the optimum in machinability among the austenitic stainless steels. It is primarily used when production involves extensive machining in automatic screw machines. Alloy 303 is a non-magnetic, austenitic, free-machining stainless steel that is a modification of the basic 10% chromium -8% nickel stainless steel specially designed to exhibit improved machinability while maintaining good mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties. Stainless steel is a family of iron-based alloys that contain a minimum of approximately 11% chromium, a composition that prevents the iron from rusting as well as providing heat resistant properties. Different types of stainless steel include the elements C (from 0.03% to greater than 1.00%), N, Al, Si, S, Ti, Ni, Cu, Se, Nb, and Mo). Stainless steel are often designated by a three digit number.

The sulphur addition which is responsible for the improved machining and galling characteristics of Grade 303 lowers its corrosion resistance to below that of Grade 304. As for other austenitic grades the structure gives 303 excellent toughness, although the sulphur in 303 reduces its toughness slightly. Grade 303Se has a selenium rather than sulphur addition, improving the hot and cold forming characteristics over those of 303 and providing a smoother machined surface finish. The machinability rate is also slightly reduced.

Alloy 303 is an austenitic stainless steel developed for applications requiring extensive machining operations. The alloy has a sulfur addition which assists in breaking up turnings while reducing drag on the cutting tool when compared to the machining characteristics of the conventional 18-8 stainless steel.

The alloy is nonmagnetic in the annealed condition , but may become slightly magnetic as a result of cold working. The addition of sulfur negatively impacts the corrosion resistance of 303 making it less resistant than 304 to mildly corrosive environments.

Specification
Alloy 303 (UNS S30300) | X8CrNiS18-9 | SUS 303 | 1.4305

Standards
ASTM A 895

Corrosion Resistance
Alloy 303 is resistant to mildly corrosive environments. However, the alloy’s corrosion resistance is inferior to 304 in most applications. Its corrosion resistance is superior to 416, another free-machining grade, but is somewhat inferior to other 400 series stainless steels which do not contain higher sulfur levels. In order to obtain optimal corrosion resistance, it is recommended that Alloy 303 be chemically treated to remove sulfides from the final surfaces

Heat Treatment

Annealing – Heat to a minimum temperature of 1900°F (1038°C) and water quench or rapid cool by other means.

Hardening – Alloy 303 cannot be hardened by thermal treatment, it can only be hardened by cold working.

Cold Forming
The cold formability of Alloy 303 is adversely impacted by the high sulfur content. The alloy may be bent with a generous bend radius, however, when cold forming is required, 304 should be utilized.

Hot Forming
The high sulfur content of Alloy 303 also has a detrimental impact on hot workability. If hot forming is required, once again, 304 should be considered as an alternate selection.

Machining
Alloy 303 was developed specifically for ease of machining. The sulfur addition assists in breaking up turnings which reduces drag on the cutting tool. It produces small brittle chips and may be machined at high speeds with deep cuts and heavy feeds.

Applications
Nuts and Bolts, Bushings, Shafts, Aircraft Fittings, Electrical Switchgear,Components, Gears

Stainless Steel 303 Stockist
Stainless Steel 303 Exporter
Stainless Steel 303 Dealer
Stainless Steel 303 Trader
Stainless Steel 303 Manufacturer
Stainless Steel 303 Supplier

Doshi Impex (India) is amongst the global leaders from INDIA, reputed for being known as Exporters, Importers, Suppliers, Stockists and Traders of superior quality STAINLESS STEEL PRODUCTS and RAW MATERIALS.
Stainless steel is the most common steel. The steel contains both chromium (between 18% and 20%) and nickel (between 8% and 10.5%) metals as the main non-iron constituents. It is an austenitic stainless steel. It is less electrically and thermally conductive than carbon steel and is essentially non-magnetic. It has a higher corrosion resistance than regular steel and is widely used because of the ease in which it is formed into various shapes.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, CLIENT SPECIFICATIONS, and QUALITY CONTROL are of utmost importance to Us.
Thickness like:  0.5 mm / 0.6 mm / 0.8 mm / 0.9 mm / 1 mm / 1.2 mm /1.6 mm / 2.00 mm / 2.5 mm / 3.00 mm 
Size = 8 foot x 4 foot / 1 mtr x 1 mtr / 1250 mm x 2500 mm / 1220 x 2440 mm / 1 mtr x 2 mtr / 1220 mm x 2000 mm / 1250 x 3000 mm / 1500 mm x 3000 mm / 1500 x 5 mtr / 1500 x 6 mtr / 1250 x 5 mtr / 1250 mm x 6 mtr & as per customers cutting size

Stainless steel grade 441 is a ferritic stainless-steel containing niobium that provides the steel good oxidation and corrosion resistance. This steel provides good high-temperature strength in exhaust gas environments, and has good for deep drawing, good ductility, good weldability, and good brightness. It polishes well. The 441-flat rolled stainless steel possesses magnetic quality in all conditions. This grade may be used in the annealed, cold formed or as-welded condition in applications where other stainless steels such as Type 304/304L and Type 430 are used. Type 441 has good weldability due to titanium and niobium stabilization and has excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Type 441 outperforms Type 409 in both oxidation and corrosion resistance and typical applications include automotive manifolds and exhaust system components. The high temperature strength of Type 441 exceeds that of both Types 439 and 409 stainless steels.
 
Processing / Welding
Standard welding processes for this steel grade are:
TIG-Welding
 MAG-Welding Solid Wire
Arc Welding (E)
 
Applications
Grade 441 stainless steel is applied in catering equipment and automotive-exhaust system components.
Indoor cladding
Restaurant equipment and appliances
Tubes
Heat exchangers

Stainless steel 441 sheet For Elevators & Lift Components 
441 sheet For Elevators & automotive-exhaust system components
SS 441 sheet For Heat exchangers
1.4509 sheet For Heat exchangers 
SS 441 coil For Heat exchangers 
Magnetic 441 sheet For Heat exchangers

Stainless steel is the most common steel. The steel contains both chromium (between 18% and 20%) and nickel (between 8% and 10.5%) metals as the main non-iron constituents. It is an austenitic stainless steel. It is less electrically and thermally conductive than carbon steel and is essentially non-magnetic. It has a higher corrosion resistance than regular steel and is widely used because of the ease in which it is formed into various shapes. 304 stainless steel has excellent resistance to a wide range of atmospheric environments and many corrosive media. It is subject to pitting and crevice corrosion in warm chloride environments and to stress corrosion cracking above about 60 °C. It is considered resistant to pitting corrosion in water with up to about 400 mg/L chlorides at ambient temperatures, reducing to about 150 mg/L at 60 °C.
304 stainless steel is also very sensitive at room temperature to the thiosulfate anions released by the oxidation of pyrite (as encountered in acid mine drainage) and can undergo severe pitting corrosion problems when in close contact with pyrite- or sulfide-rich clay materials exposed to oxidation.
304 stainless steel is used for a variety of household and industrial applications such as food handling and processing equipment, screws, machinery parts, and car headers. 304 stainless steel is also used in the architectural field for exterior accents such as water and fire features. It is also a common coil material for vaporizers.
 
The Japanese equivalent grade of this material is SUS304. It is also specified in European norm 1.4301.
Features
Very good corrosion resistance,
weld ability and cold deformability.
Good deep drawing properties and very good high gloss polish ability.
Specifications: 304
UNS: S30400 | X5CrNi18-10 | 1.4301| SUS 304
 
Specifications: 304L
UNS: S30403 | X2CrNi19-11 | 1.4306 | SUS 304L

Typical Applications

Chemical plants

Air conditioning industry

Petroleum refineries

Space heating industry

Refrigeration industry

Power plants industry

Petrochemical plants industry

Natural gas processing industry

Other Usage:
Food processing equipment, particularly in beer brewing, milk processing & winemaking
Kitchen benches, sinks, troughs, equipment and appliances
Architectural paneling, railings & trim
Chemical containers, including for transport
Heat Exchangers
Woven or welded screens for mining, quarrying & water filtration
Threaded fasteners
Springs.

Stainless Steel 304 Sheets Plates For Chemical Water & Oil Storage 
Stainless Steel 304L Sheets Plates
SS 304 Sheets Plates
SS 304L Sheets
Stainless Steel UNS S30400 Plates
SS UNS S30403 Sheets Plates
Stainless Steel Din 1.4306 Plates
SS Din 1.4307 Sheets
 
 

Stainless steel 310/310S is an austenitic heat resistant alloy with excellent resistance to oxidation under mildly cyclic conditions through 2000°F. Its high chromium and nickel contents provide comparable corrosion resistance, superior resistance to oxidation and the retention of a larger fraction of room temperature strength than the common austenitic alloys like Type 304. Stainless 310 is often used at cryogenic temperatures, with excellent toughness to -450°F, and low magnetic permeability. It is a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel used for high temperature application. The high chromium and nickel content give the steel excellent oxidation resistance as well as high strength at high temperature. This grade is also very ductile, and has good weld ability enabling its widespread usage in many applications.

Specification:
ASTM A 240, A 276, A 312
UNS S31000 / UNS S31008
DIN 1.4845

Features:
Oxidation resistance to 2000°F
Moderate strength at high temperature
Resistance to hot corrosion
Strength and toughness at cryogenic temperatures

Applications:
Heat Exchangers
Radiant Tubes
Muffles, retorts, annealing covers
Tube hangers for petroleum refining and steam boilers
Furnace parts, conveyor belts, rollers, oven linings, fans
Food processing equipment

Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate (UNS N10276) is a nickel-molybdenum-chromium-iron-tungsten alloy which is among the most corrosion-resistant alloys currently available. The high molybdenum content imparts resistance to localized corrosion such as pitting. The low carbon minimizes carbide precipitation during welding to maintain resistance to intergranular attack in heat affected zones of welding joints.

Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate also has good high temperature strength and moderate oxidation resistance although the alloy will eventually form embrittling high temperature precipitates. A Nickel-Molybdenum-Chromium Alloy with Excellent Corrosion Resistance in both Oxidizing and Reducing Environments

Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate (UNS N10276) is an austenitic nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy with a small addition of tungsten. It is one of the premier corrosion resistant materials available for process industries. Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate has excellent corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and reducing environments. The combination of the high molybdenum and chromium content, along with the addition of tungsten, make Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate highly resistant to chloride stress corrosion cracking, pitting, crevice corrosion and general corrosion. Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate can operate in oxidizing atmospheres up to 1900oF (1038oC), however, the alloy lacks sufficient chromium content to operate successfully in the most strongly oxidizing environments like hot, concentrated nitric acid. The low carbon content of Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate enables the alloy to be utilized in the as-welded condition. It cannot be hardened by heat treatment, but can be hardened by cold working. The alloy has a higher work-hardening rate than the austenitic stainless steels which should be taken into consideration. Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate can be easily welded and processed utilizing standard shop fabrication practices for austenitic stainless steels and nickel based alloys.

Specifications
Alloy C276 (UNS N10276)
W. Nr. 2.4819 

Standards
ASTM B 4575
ASME SB 575

Corrosion Resistance
Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate is one of the premier corrosion resistant materials that performs exceptionally well in both oxidizing and reducing environments. It resists chloride stress corrosion cracking, pitting, crevice and general corrosion. The alloy is also resistant to carbide precipitation during welding enabling it to be utilized in the as-welded condition. In chemical processing applications, the alloy has exceptional resistance to sulfuric, hydrochloric, formic, and acetic and phosphoric acids. Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate performs well in environments containing acid chlorides, solvents and acetic anhydride, the alloy is one of the few grades that with stands wet chlorine gas, hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide solutions. Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate is highly resistant to concentrated solutions of oxidizing salts including iron and copper chloride. It also performs well in seawater, especially under crevice conditions where other frequently used alloys such as stainless steel, Alloy 400 and Alloy 625 fail.

Applications
Air Pollution Control – flue gas desulfurization systems – stack liners, absorbers, ducts, dampers, stack gas re-heaters and fans
Chemical Processing – heat exchangers, pressure vessels, tanks, evaporators, piping, flanges and fittings, pumps and valves
Oil and Gas Production – sour gas service components
Pharmaceutical Production – reactor vessels, piping, flanges and fittings, pumps and valves
Pulp and Paper – bleaching vessels and digesters
Waste Treatment – incinerators for toxic, industrial and municipal waste

Alloy 2304 (UNS S32304) is a 23% chromium, 4% nickel, molybdenum-free duplex stainless steel. The Alloy 2304 has corrosion resistance properties similar to 316L. Furthermore, its mechanical properties, i.e., yield strength, are twice those of 304L/316L austenitic grades. Alloy 2304 is a 23% chromium, 4% nickel, molybdenum-free duplex stainless steel. The Alloy 2304 has corrosion resistance properties similar to 316L. Furthermore, its mechanical properties, i.e., yield strength, are twice those of 304/316 austenitic grades. This allows the designer to save weight, particularly for properly designed pressure vessel applications. The alloy is particularly suitable for applications covering the -50°C/+300°C (-58°F/572°F) temperature range. Lower temperatures may also be considered but need some restrictions, particularly for welded structures. With its duplex microstructure and low nickel and high chromium contents, the alloy has improved stress corrosion resistance properties compared to 304 and 316 austenitic grades.

Specification
Alloy 2304 (UNS S32304)

Standards
ASTM/ASME A240 - UNS S32304
EURONORM 1.4362 - X2 Cr Ni 23.4
AFNOR Z3 CN 23.04 Az
DIN W. Nr 1.4362 

Processing

Hot Forming
Hot forming must be performed in the 1150/900°C (2100/1650°F) temperature range. After forming, a new solution annealing treatment is recommended in the 950°/1050°C (2100°/1650°F) temperature range to fully restore corrosion resistance properties and mechanical properties. Parts formed with 2304 must be supported carefully during heating to avoid creep deformation.

Cold Forming
Alloy 2304 may be cold formed without any problem. The same equipment as used for the cold forming of 304L and 316L grades can be used. Due to its higher mechanical properties, including the yield strength, higher stresses are required for cold forming. A final solution annealing heat treatment is also recommended after cold forming in order to restore the mechanical and corrosion resistance properties, as described in hot forming.

Descaling
Use the same solutions and pastes as for Alloys 304L/316L. The pickling time will be higher than for austenitic grades due to the corrosion resistance properties of the alloy. 

Machinability
Alloy 2304 duplex exhibits improved machinability properties particularly when considering drilling. Its behavior is equivalent to that of 316LEZ. Furthermore, 2304 has better corrosion resistance and cleanliness properties as no sulphur additions are necessary. Localized corrosion resistance behavior is improved. 

Applications
Generally where 304 and 316L are used
Pulp and paper industry (chip storage tanks, white and black liquor tanks, digestors)
Caustic solutions, organic acids (SCC resistance)
Food industry
Pressure vessels (weight savings)
Mining (abrasion/corrosion)

LDX 2101 (UNS S32101) is a 21.5% chromium, 5% manganese, 1.5% nickel, 0.45% molybdenum lean duplex stainless steel with corrosion resistance superior to 304L and comparable to 316L. LDX 2101 possesses both superior strength and greater chloride stress-corrosion cracking resistance than conventional 300 series stainless steels. The enhanced mechanical strength of LDX 2101 enables it to be used in thinner cross-sections which can provide significant cost savings to the end user. LDX 2101 was designed to be a low nickel general purpose substitute for 304 and 304L. LDX 2101 is a low-nickel; nitrogen enhanced lean duplex stainless steel developed for general-purpose use. The austenitic-ferritic (duplex) structure of the alloy is balanced to approximately equal amounts of ferrite and austenite in the solution-annealed condition. The high chromium and nitrogen content of LDX 2101, combined with an addition of molybdenum, provide very good resistance to localized and uniform corrosion. The duplex microstructure contributes to the alloys high strength and resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking. LDX 2101 possesses both superior strength and greater chloride stress-corrosion cracking resistance than conventional 300 series stainless steels. The corrosion resistance of LDX 2101 is generally good making it suitable for use in a wide variety of applications. In most environments, it is superior to 304L stainless steel and comparable to the molybdenum containing 316L stainless steel.

The enhanced mechanical strength of LDX 2101 is far superior to conventional 300 series stainless steels enabling it to be used in thinner cross-sections which can provide significant cost savings to the end user. LDX 2101 exhibits good abrasion and erosion resistance and can be fabricated using standard shop practices developed for duplex stainless steels.

Specification
Alloy LDX 2101® (UNS S32101)
EN 1.4162

Corrosion Properties
The 300 series stainless steels are used extensively in numerous process industries due to their overall general corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance of LDX 2101 is generally better than 304L and comparable to 316L making it suitable for use in a wide variety of industries and applications.

Chloride Pitting Resistance
The pitting resistance of an austenitic stainless steel can be related directly to alloy composition, where chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen are a weight %. The Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) uses the following formula to measure an alloy's relative pitting resistance - the higher the number, the better the pitting resistance.

Stress-Corrosion Cracking Resistance
Chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is one of the most serious forms of localized corrosion. Higher temperatures and reduced pH will increase the probability of SCC. The onset of SCC is one of the most common reasons for stainless equipment failure. Because of its duplex structure LDX 2101 offers excellent resistance to SCC.

Applications
Air Pollution Control - External absorber and outlet duct reinforcements
Biofuels - Biodiesel and Ethanol plants and tanks
Chemical Process Equipment - Pressure vessels, heat exchangers, tanks, piping systems and tankers
Food and Beverage Process Equipment - Palm oil and wine storage tanks
Infrastructure - Bridges, flood gates, sluice gates
Pulp and Paper - Hydrogen peroxide bleaching reactors, white liquor storage tanks, digesters, washers, paper machine parts
Seawater Treatment - Desalination system chambers and evaporators
Water and Waste water Treatment.

Nickel 200 plate offer outstanding corrosion resistance to caustic soda and other alkalis. It performs best in reducing environments but can also be used under oxidizing conditions when a passive oxide film is formed. Ni 200 is used in aerospace, chemical and petrochemical processing, food processing and marine and water treatment applications. Nickel 200 is highly ductile across a wide temperature range and can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices. Nickel 200 (UNS N02200) is dual-certifiable wrought nickel materials. It differ only in the maximum carbon levels present—0.15% for Nickel 200 

Nickel 200 plate is normally limited to service at temperatures below 600ºF (315ºC), since at higher temperatures it can suffer from graphitization which can severely compromise properties.Nickel 200 grades is approved under ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 1. Nickel 200 plate is approved for service up to 600ºF (315ºC)
Nickel 200 grade offer outstanding corrosion resistance to caustic soda and other alkalis. The alloys perform best in reducing environments but can also be used under oxidizing conditions that produce a passive oxide film.It resist corrosion by distilled, natural water and flowing seawater but are attacked by stagnant seawater.

Nickel 200 is ferromagnetic and exhibit highly ductile mechanical properties across a wide temperature range. Both grades are easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Specification
Nickel 200 (UNS N02200)
W. Nr. 2.4066

Standards
ASTM B 162
ASME SB 162

Corrosion Resistance
Nickel 200 plate possess excellent resistance in many corrosive environments including hydrofluoric acid and alkalis. These alloys perform extremely well under reducing conditions but can also be used in oxidizing conditions due to the formation of a passive oxide film. The outstanding resistance of Nickel 200 plates is caustics is based on this type of protection. In conditions where temperatures exceed 600ºF (315ºC), The resistance of Nickel 200 plate in mineral acid applications varies depending on the concentration and temperature, as well as if the solution is aerated. The alloys perform better in non-aerated acid solutions. Nickel 200 plate perform well in acids, alkalis, and neutral salt solutions. However, in oxidizing salt solutions, strong corrosion can take place. Both alloys resist dry gases at room temperatures. 
Applications

Aerospace and Missile Components

Chemical and Petrochemical Processing - chlor-alkali production, caustic soda and other alkalis; sulfuric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, phosphoric, and organic acids; neutral and reducing salt solutions; reactive chlorides including phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride, nitrosyl chloride, benzyl chloride, and benzoyl chloride; fluorine and chlorine; bromine and phenol

Food Processing Equipment - cooling brine, fatty acids, fruit juices

Marine and Water Treatment - distilled, natural water and flowing seawater

SSC INVAR 36 nickel alloy plate (UNS K93603) is an austenitic nickel-iron alloy containing 36% nickel. It has an extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion from -418°F (-250°C) to 392°F (200°C). The alloy has good fatigue and mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures. It exhibits moderately high strength along with good ductility and toughness. These properties along with good fabrication characteristics make SSC INVAR 36 nickel alloy plate ideal for applications requiring precise dimensional stability. SC INVAR 36 nickel alloy plate can be hot and cold worked, machined, and formed. Fabrication processes are similar to austenitic stainless steels. The alloy can be welded using filler wire with expansion rates similar to those of the base metal. SSC INVAR 36 nickel alloy plate resists corrosion in dry atmospheres at room temperature. In humid or moist atmospheres, corrosion can occur in the form of rust.

Nickel-Iron Alloy with a Very Low Coefficient of Thermal Expansion from Cryogenic Temperatures to 400°F (200°C)

Specification
SSC INVAR 36 (UNS K93603,)
W. Nr. 1.3912

Standards/Material Certifications
ASTM F1684-06
BOEING D-33028-2

Applications
SSC INVAR 36 nickel alloy plate is utilized extensively in other industrial applications where dimensional stability is essential.

Tooling and Dies for Aerospace Composite Tooling
Thermoset Epoxy Systems
Resin Transfer Molded Tools

Cryogenic Components and Piping

Laser Components

Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)Marine fixtures and
fasteners

Production and Storage Equipment
LNG Tanker Membranes

Marine Components

Wind Turbines

Stainless steel grade 430 is a ferritic stainless-steel. This steel provides good high-temperature strength in exhaust gas environments, and has good for deep drawing, good ductility, good weldability, and good brightness. It polishes well. The 430-flat rolled stainless steel possesses magnetic quality in all conditions. This grade may be used in the annealed, cold formed or as-welded condition in applications where other stainless steels such as Type 304/304L and Type 430 are used. Type 430 has good weldability due to titanium and niobium stabilization and has excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Type 430 outperforms Type 409 in both oxidation and corrosion resistance and typical applications include automotive manifolds and exhaust system components. The high temperature strength of Type 430 exceeds that of both Types 439 and 409 stainless steels.

Processing / Welding

Standard welding processes for this steel grade are:

TIG-Welding

 MAG-Welding Solid Wire

Arc Welding (E)

Applications

Grade 430 stainless steel is applied in catering equipment and automotive-exhaust system components.

Indoor cladding

Restaurant equipment and appliances

Tubes

Heat exchangers